Terminologies for Li-ion battery industry in both Chinese and English
1、分类Classification
根据外形不同，锂离子电池可分为圆柱电池、方型电池、聚合物电池和钮扣电池等。
Lithium-ion battery is mainly classified as cylindrical battery, prismatic battery, polymer battery and coin cell according to its appearance.
根据用途不同，锂离子电池可分为消费类电池、动力型电池和储能型电池。
Lithium-ion battery can also be classified as consumer battery, power battery and energy storage battery according to its application.
2、原材料Raw Materials
通常，圆柱电芯包含正极、负极、隔膜、电解液和安全构件等五部分。
Generally, cylindrical cell consists of five parts: positive electrode, negative electrode, separator, electrolyte and safety accessories.
2.1 正极（Positive electrode）
No. | 中文名 | English name | Examples |
1 | 正极 | cathode | lithium cobalt dioxide (LCO), lithium iron phosphate (LFP), lithium manganate (LMO) , NCM, NCA, etc. |
2 | 导电剂 | conductive | super P (SP), carbon nanotubes (CNTs) |
3 | 粘结剂 | binder | polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) |
4 | 溶剂 | solvent | N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) |
5 | 铝箔 | aluminum foil | |
6 | 胶带 | tape, adhesive tape | |
7 | 铝带 | aluminum tab | |
8 | 光面 | shiny side | |
9 | 亚光面 | matte side |
2.2 负极（Negative electrode）
No. | 中文名 | English name | No. | 中文名 | English name |
1 | 干法 | dry process | 11 | 抗氧化性 | inoxidizability |
2 | 湿法 | wet process | 12 | 熔化温度 | melting temperature |
3 | 基材 | base material | 13 | 热收缩 | thermoshrinkage |
4 | 陶瓷 | ceramic | 14 | 单向拉伸 | uniaxially stretch |
5 | 芳纶 | aramid fiber | 15 | 双向拉伸 | biaxially stretch |
6 | 聚丙烯 | polypropylene (PP) | 16 | 多孔的 | porous |
7 | 聚乙烯 | polyethylene (PE) | |||
8 | 透气性 | gas permeability | |||
9 | 保液性 | electrolyte retention | |||
10 | 拉伸强度 | tensile strength |
2.4 电解液（Electrolyte）
No. | 中文名 | English name |
1 | 电解液 | electrolyte |
2 | 溶剂 | solvent |
3 | 溶质 | solute |
4 | 锂盐 | lithium salt |
5 | 碳酸丙烯酯 | propylene carbonate (PC) |
6 | 碳酸乙烯酯 | ethylene carbonate (EC) |
8 | 碳酸二甲酯 | dimethyl carbonate (DMC) |
9 | 碳酸甲乙酯 | ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC) |
10 | 浓度 | concentration |
2.5 安全构件（Safety accessories）
No. | 中文名 | English name |
1 | 帽盖 | cap |
2 | 钢壳 | can (steel can) |
3 | 钢芯 | central pin (c/p) |
4 | 上绝缘片 | top insulator |
5 | 下绝缘片 | bottom insulator |
6 | 面垫 | insulating washer |
7 | 套管（热缩膜） | tube |
8 | 胶圈（密封圈） | gasket |
9 | 安全阀 | safety vent |
10 | 电流切断装置 | current interrupt device (CID) |
11 | 高温胶纸 | high-temperature adhesive tape |
3 、设计Designing
电芯是通过合理调整各种参数进行设计。
Cell designing is completed by reasonably setting all related parameters.
No. | 中文名 | English name | No. | 中文名 | English name |
1 | 面密度 | areal density | 16 | 能量 | energy |
2 | 压实密度 | pressed density | 17 | 能量密度 | energy density |
3 | 比容量 | specific capacity | 18 | 体积能量密度 | volumetric energy density |
4 | 首效 | initial efficiency | 19 | 质量能量密度 | mass energy density |
5 | 过量系数 | anode excess coefficient, N/P ratio | 20 | 百分比 | percentage |
6 | 公差 | tolerance | 21 | 最小值 | minimum value |
7 | 卷针直径 | winding pin diameter | 22 | 最大值 | maximum value |
8 | 电极长度 | electrode length | 23 | 平均值 | average value |
9 | 电极宽度 | electrode width | 24 | 内阻 | internal resistance (IR) |
10 | 厚度 | thickness | 25 | 交流内阻 | AC internal resistance |
11 | 设计容量 | designed capacity | 26 | 直流内阻 | DC internal resistance |
12 | 标称容量 | nominal capacity | 27 | 电压 | voltage |
13 | 典型容量 | typical capacity | 28 | 电流 | current |
14 | 功率 | power | 29 | 电流密度 | current density |
15 | 功率密度 | power density | 30 | 电流倍率 | current rate |
4、 生产与工艺Manufacturing & Crafts
圆柱电芯的生产过程至少包括配料、制片、装配、化成、检测和包装等。
Cylindrical cell manufacturing processes shall at least include mixing, electrode production, assembly, formation, inspecting and packaging.
4.1 配料（Mixing）
配料是按工艺将粉体物料和溶剂通过一定的速度搅拌形成分散均匀的符合要求的浆料。
Mixing is to mix powders and solvent by stirring the slurry at a set speed till uniformity according to craft .
4.1.1 词汇（Vocabulary）
No. | 中文名 | English name | No. | 中文名 | English name |
1 | 配料车间 | mixing workshop | 11 | 物料清单 | bill of material (BOM) |
2 | 生产线 | production line | 12 | 仓库 | warehouse |
3 | 混合 | mix | 13 | 物料编码 | material code |
4 | 搅拌 | stir | 14 | 物料员 | material handler |
5 | 搅拌釜 | stirrer | 15 | 粉尘 | dust |
6 | 抽真空 | vacuum | 16 | 口罩 | respirator |
7 | 胶液 | glue, binder solution | 17 | 手套 | glove |
8 | 浆料 | slurry | 18 | 防尘服 | dust-proof clothing |
9 | 循环冷却水 | circulating cooling water | 19 | 叉车 | forklift truck |
10 | 沉降 | sedimentate |
4.1.2 介绍（Introduction to visitors）
pBinder is first input into the solvent under stirring in the tank in accordance with the craft to form uniform glue.（首先，按工艺边搅拌边往溶剂里加粘结剂制胶。）
pMeanwhile, active material and conductive are dry-mixed to form well-mixed powders.（同时，将活性物质与导电剂进行干混。）
pThe mixed powders are then dispersed in the glue under stirring in the mixing tank according to the craft till the slurry gets uniform.（然后按工艺将胶液与干混后的粉末混合匀浆，直至形成分散均匀的浆料。）
p In the mixing process, we must pay attention to temperature and humidity of the environment, as well as viscosity and solid content and stability of both the glue and slurry.（在配料过程中，要注意控制环境温湿度，同时关注胶液和浆料的粘度、固含量和稳定性。）
4.2 制片（Electrode production）
配料结束后，经过涂布、烘干、辊压、分切等工序，完成电极片的制作。
The slurry delivered from the mixing workshop is coated on collectors. After being dried, roll-pressed and slit, the electrodes are obtained.
4.2.1 词汇（Vocabulary）
No. | 中文名 | English name |
1 | 涂布 | coating |
2 | 涂布机 | coating machine |
3 | 辊间隙 | roller gap |
4 | 辊压 | rolling, roll-pressing |
5 | 辊压机 | roller |
6 | 划痕 | scratch |
7 | 分切 | slitting |
8 | 烘区 | drying area |
4.2.2 介绍（Introduction to visitors）
We use back reverse coating (or spray coating) process.
pThe cathode (or anode) slurry is pumped from the mixing tank and coated uniformly on the aluminum (or copper) foil at a certain areal density.（正极（或负极）浆料从搅拌釜中吸出后按一定的面密度均匀地涂敷在铝（铜）箔上。）
pThe solvent is evaporated in the drying area. （溶剂在烘区被蒸干。）
pThe drying area consists of six independently controlled zones.（烘区由六段单独控制的部分组成。）
pThe operating temperatures of each zone are different. （每段烘区的操作温度不同。）
pThe electrode is wound and delivered to roll-pressing workshop.（极片收卷后下转至辊压车间。）
pA real-time control system is applied to keep an eye on the whole coating process.（采用实时监控系统对整个涂布过程进行监控。）
pElectrodes delivered from coating workshop are in rolls of wide sheet, they need to be roll-pressed to the designed thickness and slit into narrow sheet of designed width.（从涂布车间转来的极片为大极卷，需要按工艺要求进行辊压和分切。）
pAfterwards, the electrodes are dried in the vacuum oven for several hours before assembly.（极片在卷绕前需真空烘干几个小时。）
4.3 装配（Assembly）
装配主要由卷绕、入壳、滚槽、点焊、注液、激光焊和封口等工序组成。
Cell assembly is mainly composed of winding, insertion, grooving, spot welding, injection, laser welding and sealing processes.
4.3.1 词汇（Vocabulary）
No. | 中文名 | English name | No. | 中文名 | English name |
1 | 装配 | assembly | 11 | 折极耳 | bend tab |
2 | 卷绕 | winding | 12 | 滚槽 | groove, rolling-groove |
3 | 卷绕张力 | winding tension | 13 | 点焊 | spot welding |
4 | 贴胶带 | stick tape | 14 | 注液 | injection |
5 | 超焊 | ultrasonic welding | 15 | 注液量 | injection amount |
6 | 对齐度 | alignment metric | 16 | 称重 | weigh |
7 | 覆盖 | cover | 17 | 激光焊 | laser welding |
8 | 高压短路测试 | Hi-pot test | 18 | 封口 | sealing |
9 | 终止胶带 | terminal tape | 19 | X-射线检测 | X-ray inspection |
10 | 入壳 | insertion |
4.3.2 介绍（Introduction to visitors）
pWinding is the first step of assembly.（卷绕是装配的第一步。）
pIn this process, tabs are ultrasonically welded and tapes are stuck automatically.（在此工序，超焊极耳和贴胶纸将自动完成。）
pJellyrolls are obtained by winding positive electrodes, negative electrodes and separators in high alignment metric utilizing a certain winding pin, ending with terminal tapes.（采用一定的卷针，将正极片、负极片、隔膜卷绕成对齐度较高的卷芯，并贴上终止胶。）
pThe diameter of the jellyrolls can be controlled by manipulating the winding tension.（可通过调节卷绕张力来控制卷芯直径。）
pAll jellyrolls should be assured that separators cover anodes and anodes cover cathodes at width direction.（所有卷芯须确保在宽度方向上隔膜包住负极片、负极片包住正极片。）
pAlso, anode coating layer must cover cathode coating layer at both the beginning and the end of winding.（同时，入位和收尾均须确保负极料包住正极料。）
pHi-pot test is introduced to pick out those jellyrolls with internal shorts.（采用Hi-pot测试挑出短路卷芯。）
pAfter adding bottom insulators and bending the anode tabs, the jellyrolls are inserted into steel cans. （加下绝缘片、折负极耳、入壳。）
pThe rest assembly processes are spot welding, grooving, injecting, laser welding and sealing, etc.（剩下的装配工序有点焊、滚槽、注液、激光焊和封口等。）
4.4 化成（Formation）
化成影响电芯的循环寿命，新生产的电芯需完成初次充电并老化。
Formation has an effect on cell’s cycle life. Newly produced cells need to be charged in time followed by aging.
4.4.1 词汇（Vocabulary）
No. | 中文名 | English name | No. | 中文名 | English name |
1 | 化成 | formation | 11 | 老化 | aging |
2 | 化成室 | Kasei room | 12 | 常温老化 | RT aging |
3 | 清洗 | washing, cleaning | 13 | 高温老化 | high temperature aging |
4 | 涂防锈油 | coating anti-rust oil | 14 | 零电压 | zero voltage |
5 | 喷码 | code spurting | 15 | 欠压、低电压 | undervoltage |
6 | 套管 | tube, thermo shrinking sleeve | 16 | 过压 | overvoltage |
7 | 热缩 | pyrocondensation | 17 | 高内阻 | high IR |
8 | 预充 | pre-charge | 18 | 自放电 | self-discharge |
9 | 开路电压 | open circuit voltage (OCV) | 19 | 过热 | overheat |
10 | 测OCV | OCV test | 20 | 不良品（次品） | defective product |
4.4.2 介绍（Introduction to visitors）
pWithin 24 hours after assembly, the cells shall be pre-charged and aged according to a certain standard.（装配完成后24 h内，电芯需按一定的工艺标准上柜预充和老化。）
pAs a result, there shall be stable SEI films formed on the surface of the electrodes.（化成后，电极表面会形成稳定的SEI膜。）
4.5 检测与包装出货（Checking, packaging and shipment）
4.5.1 词汇（Vocabulary）
No. | 中文名 | English name | No. | 中文名 | English name |
1 | 分容室 | sub-capacity room | 11 | 生产日期 | date of manufacture |
2 | 分选 | sorting | 12 | 生产批号 | lot number |
3 | 外观检查 | appearance inspection | 13 | 数量 | quantity |
4 | 扫码 | scan code | 14 | ||
5 | 检查 | check | 15 | ||
6 | 挑选 | pick out | 16 | ||
7 | 包装 | packaging | 17 | ||
8 | 出货 | shipment | 18 | ||
9 | 交货 | delivery | 19 | ||
10 | 交货日期 | delivery date | 20 |
4.5.2 介绍（Introduction to visitors）
pAfter formation, the cell capacities are tested.（化成结束后需对电芯进行分容。）
pThe cells shall be charged to the state of about 50% SOC after capacity test.（分容后将电芯充电至约50% SOC状态。）
pThe cells shall be sorted before shipment according to their capacities, resistances and voltages.（电芯需根据容量、内阻和电压进行分级后才能出货。）
5、 测试与性能Test & Performance
5.1 电化学性能（Electrochemical performance）
No. | 中文名 | English name | No. | 中文名 | English name |
1 | 充电 | charge | 11 | 倍率放电性能 | rate discharge performance |
2 | 放电 | discharge | 12 | 倍率充电性能 | rate charge performance |
3 | 恒流充电 | constant current charge | 13 | 高低温放电性能 | high-low temperature discharge performance |
4 | 恒流放电 | constant current discharge | 14 | 循环性能 | cycling performance |
5 | 充电电压 | charge voltage | 15 | 残余容量 | residual capacity |
6 | 充电电流 | charge current | 16 | 恢复容量 | recoverable capacity |
7 | 放电电流 | discharge current | 17 | 容量保持率 | capacity retention rate |
8 | 截止电压 | cut-off voltage | 18 | 浮充测试 | floating charge test |
9 | 截止电流 | cut-off current | 19 | 存储性能 | storage performance |
10 | 电化学性能 | electrochemical performance | 20 | 放电深度 | depth of discharge |
5.2 安全性能测试（Safety performance test）
No. | 中文名 | English name | No. | 中文名 | English name |
1 | 安全性能 | safety performance | 11 | 低气压测试 | low preasure test |
2 | 热箱测试 | hot oven test | 12 | 温度循环测试 | thermal cycling test |
3 | 短路测试 | short circuit test | 13 | 反充电测试 | reverse charge test |
4 | 过充测试 | over charge test | 14 | 振动测试 | vibration test |
5 | 过放测试 | over discharge test | 15 | 热失控 | thermal runaway |
6 | 重冲测试 | impact test | 16 | 焚烧 | combustion, incineration |
7 | 挤压测试 | crush test | 17 | 漏液 | leakage, leaking |
8 | 针刺测试 | penetration test | 18 | 起火 | fire, catch fire |
9 | 跌落测试 | drop test | 19 | 爆炸 | explosion |
10 | 海水浸泡测试 | sea water immersion test | 20 | 过热 | overheat |
6、 其他Others
No. | 中文名 | English name | No. | 中文名 | English name |
1 | 生产计划与物料控制 | product material control (PMC) | 11 | 质量控制 | quality control (QC) |
2 | 采购部 | purchase department (PD) | 12 | 品质工程师 | quality engineer (QE) |
3 | 采购工程师 | purchasing engineer (PE) | 13 | 供应商质量工程师 | supplier quality engineer (SQE) |
4 | 销售 | sell | 14 | 来料检 | incoming quality control (IQC) |
5 | 销售工程师 | sales engineer (SE) | 15 | 制程品质控制 | input process quality control (IPQC) |
6 | 市场 | market | 16 | 品质保证 | quality assurance (QA) |
7 | 技术支持 | technical support | 17 | 供应商审核 | supplier audit |
8 | 供应商 | supplier | 18 | 试产 | trial production |
9 | 客户 | customer | 19 | 量产 | Mass production |
10 | 售后服务 | after-sales service | 20 |
